Prevalence of Sleep Problems: A Case of University Students of Pakistan
Keywords:
Analysis, Sleep problems, Students, University, Pakistan.Abstract
University students have been found to have significant prevalence rates of sleep issues, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, poor sleep quality, and short sleep duration. With an eye toward estimating the incidence of these disturbances in Pakistan, this study attempts to investigate sleep problems among university students. Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (Nicassio, Mendlowitz, Fussell & Petral, 1989) Urdu version was administered on 600 (Male =248, Female = 352) age range 18 to 25 from five different universities of Lahore. Study results indicated that frequency of students experiencing moderate level of sleep problems is higher and almost 19% of students experience severe and very severe sleep problems. Results also indicated that sleep problems have significant effect on students’ performance as well as male and female students experience same level of disturbances. Further results were discussed in the cultural context.
References
Alimoradi, Z., Lin, C. Y., Broström, A., Bülow, P. H., Bajalan, Z., Griffiths, M. D., ... & Pakpour, A. H. (2019). Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews, 47, 51-61.
Arshad, A. R., Khan, M. H., Hasan, F., Khan, S., Ijaz, F., & Aftab, R. (2021). Quality of sleep and sleep disorders among medical students at a private medical college in Lahore, Pakistan. Adv. Biores, 12(1), 1-8.
Chowdhury, A. I., Ghosh, S., Hasan, M. F., Khandakar, K. A. S., & Azad, F. (2020). Prevalence of insomnia among university students in South Asian Region: a systematic review of studies. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 61(4), E525.
Farhat, Syed Nadeem, Muhammad Daniyal Abdullah, Shafei Moiz Hali, and Hamza Iftikhar. “Transgender Law in Pakistan: Some Key Issues.” Policy Perspectives 17, no. 1 (2020): 7–33. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.1.0007.
Farooq, Muhammad. “The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 Misgiving and Clarification.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4249253.
Fazi, Dr. Hafiz Falak Shair, Dr. Mahmood Ahmed Shaikh, and Afrasiab Ahmed Rana. “Jurisprudential Styles: Reasoning from Textual Expressions and Its Examples: A Research Review.” INKISHAF 3, no. 8 (June 30, 2023): 439–60.
Fazi, Muhammad Abdullah, and Maryam Bibi. “Discrepancies in Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018: A Comparative Study of Transgender’s Rights in Pakistan and India.” International Journal of Law and Management 63, no. 3 (2020): 347–56. doi:10.1108/ijlma-10-2020-0262.
Fisher, K. (2022). Relationships Between Sleep Habits, Anxiety, and Academic Performance in College Students.
Gillett, G., Watson, G., Saunders, K. E., & McGowan, N. M. (2021). Sleep and circadian rhythm actigraphy measures, mood instability and impulsivity: A systematic review. Journal of psychiatric research, 144, 66-79.
Gujjar, Usman Ayyaz, and Ahmad Hassan Khan Naul. “An Analysis of the Transgender Persons Protection of Rights Act 2018 in Pakistan: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects.” Pakistan Journal of Law, Analysis and Wisdom 1, no. 2 (2022): 82–92.
Iftikhar, Hamza, Siti Hasliah Salleh, and Sakandar Hayat. “Analysis of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Right) Act 2018: Implications for Implementation.” International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 11, no. 10 (2021): 122–33. doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i10/11022.
Islam , Semra. “The Transgender Community and the Right to Equality in Pakistan: Review of the Transgender Persons Act 2018.” LUMS Law Journal 7, no. 1 (2020): 208–19.
Jaffar, Saad, Dr. Asiya Bibi, Hajra Arzoo Siddiqui, Muhammad Waseem Mukhtar, Waqar Ahmad, Dr. Zeenat Haroon, and Badshah Khan. “Transgender Act 2018: Islamic Perspective to Interpret Statute for the Protection of Rights and Socio- Psychological Impacts on Pakistani Society.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. Volume 14, Issue 10, 2020 14, no. 10 (2020): 1283–97.
Jahrami, H., Dewald-Kaufmann, J., Faris, M. E. A. I., AlAnsari, A. M., Taha, M., & AlAnsari, N. (2020). Prevalence of sleep problems among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Public Health, 28, 605-622.
Jan, Junaid, Aas Muhammad, and Farah Amir. “Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018: A Critical Appraisal.” Global Legal Studies Review VII, no. III (2022): 6–14. doi:10.31703/glsr.2022(vii-iii).02.
Knutson, K. L., Pershing, M. L., Abbott, S., Alexandria, S. J., Chiluka, S., Chirinos, D., ... & Carnethon, M. R. (2023). Study protocol for a longitudinal observational study of disparities in sleep and cognition in older adults: the DISCO study. BMJ open, 13(11), e073734.
Li, Y., Bai, W., Zhu, B., Duan, R., Yu, X., Xu, W., ... & Kou, C. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of poor sleep quality among college students: a cross-sectional survey. Health and quality of life outcomes, 18, 1-11.
Liang, M., Guo, L., Huo, J., & Zhou, G. (2021). Prevalence of sleep disturbances in Chinese adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos one, 16(3), e0247333.
Mulyadi, M., Tonapa, S. I., Luneto, S., Lin, W. T., & Lee, B. O. (2021). Prevalence of mental health problems and sleep disturbances in nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse education in practice, 57, 103228.
Polok, Beata, Homam el-Taj, and Afrasiab Ahmed Rana. “Balancing Potential and Peril: The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence on Human Rights.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4484386.
Qureshi, Kamran. “A Critical Analysis of the Transgender (Intersex) Persons Act, 2018, in Pakistan Versus United Nations Recommendations.” Essay. In Interdisciplinary and Global Perspectives on Intersex, edited by Megan Walker, 177–95. Springer, 2022.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed, Abbas Ali, and Zeeshan Hussain. “Unification of Corporate Governance (CG) Model in the European Union and Brexit: An Analytical View.” Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (2022): 626–34. doi:10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.515.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed, Ahmad Hassan Naul, Usman Ayaz Gujjar, and Fiza Zulfiqar. “Admissibility and Evidentiary Value of Electronic Evidence in Criminal Cases: A Case Study of Pakistan.” Journal of Law and Social Policy 4, no. 1 (2022): 27. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4261350.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed, and Fiza Zulfiqar. “Role of Federal Shariat Court in Islamisation of Laws in Pakistan: A Case Law Study of Leading Cases.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4491926.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed, and Hafiz Muhammad Siddique. “The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018: A Shariah Appraisal of Self-Perceived Gender Identity and Right of Inheritance of the Transgender.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4145921.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed, and Rao Qasim Zahid. “Competition Law and Digital Technologies in Pakistan: Critical Analysis.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4134359.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed, and Waqar Ahmad Janjua. “Sharī‘Ah Governance in Islamic Banking Industry: A Critical Review.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3729510.
RANA, AFRASIAB AHMED, BILAL HUSSAIN, and ZEESHAN HUSSAIN. “Legal and Social Review of Child Marriage in Pakistan: A Judicial Perspective.” Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 6, no. 2 (2022): 12–18. doi:10.53575/u2.v6.02(22).12-18.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed. “Admissibility of Evidence Produced via Modern Devices and Techniques: A Look in Pakistani Prospective.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3652379.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed. “Dying Declaration; Admissible in Evidence: A Case in Pakistan.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3682711.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed. “Essentials of a Valid Contract: A Comparative Study of Sighah in Islamic Law and the Agreement in the Contract Act, 1872.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3722822.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed. “Formation of International Contracts and Formation of Contract in Pakistan: A Comparison.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3918467.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed. “Protecting the Vulnerable.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4503160.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed. “Role of Corporate Finance Law in Corporations.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3861737.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed. “The Right of Custody of Minor: A Comparative Study of Sharī’ah and Pakistani Legal System.” International Journal of Human Rights and Constitutional Studies 9, no. 4 (2022): 350–68. doi:10.1504/ijhrcs.2022.126182.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed. “The Rights of the Juvenile in Pakistan.” International Journal of Human Rights and Constitutional Studies 9, no. 3 (2022): 246–56. doi:10.1504/ijhrcs.2022.123687.
Rana, Afrasiab Ahmed. “Transgenders and Their Protection under Pakistani Law.” Courting The Law, September 28, 2022. https://courtingthelaw.com/2020/07/27/commentary/transgenders-and-their-protection-under-pakistani-law/#:~:text=Transgenders%20are%20human%20beings%20and,who%20forces%20transgenders%20into%20begging.
Rashid, A., & Sahar, N. U. (2022). Cross-sectional research on sleep hygiene and health complaints among Pakistani college students. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 34(3), 20190187.
Rizvi, Dr. Aatir, Muhammad Azeem Farooqi, Dr. Ahmad Raza Khan, and Muhammad Manzoor Elahi. “Right Delayed Is A Right Denied: A Critical Appraisal Of Pakistan’s Transgender Act 2018.” Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 20, no. 1 (2023): 643–53.
Russell, K., Allan, S., Beattie, L., Bohan, J., MacMahon, K., & Rasmussen, S. (2019). Sleep problem, suicide and self-harm in university students: A systematic review. Sleep medicine reviews, 44, 58-69.
Shaikh, Dr. Mahmood Ahmed, Dr. Shafiq ur Rahman, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Tahir, Afrasiab Ahmed Rana, Dr. Muhammad Shahid, and Khadim Hussain Khuharo. “Development Of Human Character And Its Socio-Legal Effects (Islamic And Psychological Review Of Character To Meet Tazkiyatu-Shuhud).” Webology 19, no. 2 (2022): 10418–29.
Sheikh, Mahmood A., Syed Muhammad Bin Ahmed, and Afrasiab Ahmed Rana. “Economic Security in Pakistan: Indicators, Issues, Impacts and Way Forward.” Pakistan Journal of Social Research 4, no. 1 (2022): 990–99. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4541998.
Sivertsen, B., Vedaa, Ø., Harvey, A. G., Glozier, N., Pallesen, S., Aarø, L. E., ... & Hysing, M. (2019). Sleep patterns and insomnia in young adults: A national survey of Norwegian university students. Journal of sleep research, 28(2), e12790.
Surani, A. A., Zahid, S., Surani, A., Ali, S., Mubeen, M., & Khan, R. H. (2015). Sleep quality among medical students of Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 65(4), 380-382.
Umar, A., Khan, M. S., Sehgal, S. A., Jafar, K., Ahmad, S., Waheed, A., ... & Tahir, R. (2022). Epidemiological studies of sleep disorder in educational community of Pakistani population, its major risk factors and associated diseases. PloS one, 17(4), e0266739.
Vedaa, Ø., Erevik, E. K., Hysing, M., Hayley, A. C., & Sivertsen, B. (2019). Insomnia, sleep duration and academic performance: a national survey of Norwegian college and university students. Sleep Medicine: X, 1, 100005.
Waqas, A., Khan, S., Sharif, W., Khalid, U., & Ali, A. (2015). Association of academic stress with sleeping difficulties in medical students of a Pakistani medical school: a cross sectional survey. PeerJ, 3, e840.
Zainab, S., Soomro, R. A., Khoso, A., & Qazi, N. A. (2020). Frequency and predictors of sleep disorders in undergraduate medical students. Journal of Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, 19(02), 109-115.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Namra Shahzadi, Dr. Muneeb Ahmed Toor, Dr. Misbah Arshad

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.