War Crimes in Light of Islamic Law and International Law with Special Reference to Palestine

Authors

  • Shaikh Fatima Alvi Institute of Law, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
  • Arun Barkat Institute of Law, University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan
  • Rehana Anjum Institute of Law, University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan

Keywords:

War Crimes, International Criminal Law, Islamic Law. Palestine, Israel

Abstract

Over a hundred years the conflict between Palestine and Israeli is undergoing which has not only impacted these countries but has also destroyed world peace. Decades have passed but this problem is not coming to a solution despite having various settled Laws, principles, traditions, and conventions related to the conduct of hostilities. The goal of this research paper is to draw a similarity between the Islamic laws and the International Criminal Law of warfare and to highlight the need for regulation of war under ICL in the Israel-Palestine conflict. This paper is based on the discussion of Laws of warfare that are recognized internationally but are not applied during the use of force by Israeli forces in Palestine. Moreover, it also lists the main reason for conflict between these two states and also the causes and effects on the civilians due to the continuous fight. The reason for this study is to gather the Islamic and modern principles of war and their applicability in Palestine during the situation of war and to identify the violations of the rules and regulations of laws committed by the armed forces of Israel. Using the doctrinal research methodology, this research is concluded with suggestions that how the laws are made implemented limiting the use of force and weapons in Palestine.

References

Al Jazeera. (2022). Google Books.

Al Jazeera. (n.d.). A century on: Why Arabs resent Sykes-Picot. Al Jazeera Interactives. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2016/sykes-picot-100-years-middle-east-map/index.html

Al Jazeera. (n.d.). Oslo Accords: The full story and all the secrets. Al Jazeera Interactives. Retrieved February 25, 2022, from https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/palestineremix/the-price-of-oslo.html#/14

Al-Dawoody, A. (n.d.). IHL and Islamic law in contemporary armed conflicts. Academia.

Allen, J. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2017). Aggression and violence: Definitions and distinctions. The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression, 1-14.

Alsaafin, L., Ibrahim, A., & Regencia, T. (2021). Palestinians say 21 killed as Israeli air raids on Gaza continue. Al Jazeera. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/10/israeli-forces-raid-al-aqsa-compound-live

BBC. (n.d.). Islam: War. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/religions

Becker, J. (2014). The PLO: The rise and fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. AuthorHouse.

Bregman, A. (2017). Warfare in the Middle East since 1945. Routledge.

Clancy-Smith, J. A., Gershoni, I., & Tucker, J. E. (2001). The war for Palestine: Rewriting the history of 1948 (Vol. 15). Cambridge University Press.

Gelvin, J. L. (2014). The Israel-Palestine conflict: One hundred years of war. Cambridge University Press.

International Committee of the Red Cross. (1977). Geneva Convention Additional Protocol I, Article 48, Article 51(2), and Article 52(2). Customary International Humanitarian Law Database.

International Court of Justice. (n.d.). Statute of the Court | International Court of Justice. Cour Internationale de Justice. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.icj-cij.org/en/statute

Karsh, E. (2014). The Arab-Israeli conflict: The Palestine War 1948. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Kearney, M. G. (2017). On the situation in Palestine and the war crime of transfer of civilians into occupied territory. Criminal Law Forum, 28(12), 1-34. Springer Netherlands.

Khdir, R. R. (2017). The fate of prisoners of war between the Qur’an, traditions of the Prophet Muhammad, and practice of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. European Scientific Journal, 13(34), 30-47.

Lewis, B. (1995). The Middle East: A brief history of the last 2,000 years. Simon & Schuster.

Montefiore, S. S. (2011). Jerusalem: The biography. Knopf.

Pappe, I. (2004). A history of modern Palestine: One land, two peoples. Cambridge University Press.

Paust, J. J. (1993). Applicability of international criminal laws to events in the former Yugoslavia. [Journal or Publisher Not Provided], 499.

Rathnasiri, K. M. A. N. (2018). Socio-economic impacts of border disputes: Special reference to Gaza issue in Palestine. 2nd International Studies Students’ Research Symposium, Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.

Reinhart, T. (2011). Israel/Palestine: How to end the war of 1948. Seven Stories Press.

Robinson, G. E. (2004). Hamas as social movement. In Islamic activism: A social movement theory approach (pp. 112-139).

St. Petersburg Declaration. (1868). Customary International Humanitarian Law Database.

Veintimilla, D. J. (2016). Islamic law and war crimes trials: The possibility and challenges of a war crimes tribunal against the Assad regime and ISIL. Cornell International Law Journal, 49, 497.

Werle, G. (2005). Principles of international criminal law.

Wistrich, R. S. (1995). Theodor Herzl: Zionist icon, myth‐maker and social utopian. Israel Affairs, 1(3), 1-37.

Abd al Hamid Muhyi al-Din. (n.d.). Sirat Ibn Hisham. Makkah.

Abd al Hamid Muhyi al-Din. (n.d.). Sirat Ibn Hisham. Makkah.

Usmani, T. (2022). Surah Al-Baqarah - 1-286. Quran.com. Retrieved from https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=190

Usmani, T. (n.d.). Surah Al-Hadid – 57:4. Quran.com. Retrieved from https://quran.com/57?startingVerse=4

Usmani, T. (n.d.). Surah Al-Ma’idah - 1-120. Quran.com. Retrieved from https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=32

Usmani, T. (n.d.). Surah An-Nisa - 1-176. Quran.com. Retrieved from https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=76

Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Arab-Israeli wars. Retrieved March 4, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Arab-Israeli-wars

Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). International criminal law. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/international-criminal-law

Biger, G. (2008). The boundaries of Israel—Palestine past, present, and future: A critical geographical view. Israel Studies, 13(1), 68–93. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30245820

Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Balfour Declaration. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Balfour-Declaration

Canadian Science Publishing. (n.d.). Canadian Science Publishing. Retrieved February 27, 2022, from https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/er-2015-0039

ProCon.org. (n.d.). Historical timeline: 1900-present - Israeli-Palestinian. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://israelipalestinian.procon.org/historical-timeline-1900-present/

International Committee of the Red Cross. (n.d.). International criminal law | How does law protect in war? Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/international-criminal-law

ReliefWeb. (n.d.). Islamic law and the rules of war - World. Retrieved February 27, 2022, from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/islamic-law-and-rules-war

United Nations. (n.d.). Israel’s settlements have no legal validity, constitute flagrant violation of international law, Security Council reaffirms. Retrieved February 9, 2022, from https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12657.doc.htm

Council on Foreign Relations. (n.d.). Israeli-Palestinian conflict | Global conflict tracker. Retrieved March 3, 2022, from https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict

Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Milestones: 1993–2000. Retrieved February 25, 2022, from https://history.state.gov/milestonesoslo%20Israeli,%2C%E2%80%9D%20at%20the%20White%20House

United Nations. (n.d.). United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved February 28, 2022, from https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml

PHAP. (n.d.). International criminal law (ICL). International Association of Professionals.

PHAP. (n.d.). International criminal law (ICL). Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://phap.org/PHAP/Sector_Monitoring/Themes/Law_and_protection/ICL/PHAP/Themes/ICL.aspx

ProCon.org. (n.d.). Historical timeline: 1900-present - Israeli-Palestinian. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://israelipalestinian.procon.org/historical-timeline-1900-present/

State of Palestine Mission to the United Nations. (n.d.). Status of Palestine. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://palestineun.org/status-of-palestine-at-the-united-nations/

International Criminal Court. (n.d.). The ICC Rome Statute is 20. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.icc-cpi.int/romestatute20

Anti-Defamation League. (n.d.). The Second Intifada 2000. Retrieved February 25, 2022, from https://www.adl.org/resources/glossary-terms/the-second-intifada-2000

Imperial War Museums. (n.d.). Timeline of 20th and 21st-century wars. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/timeline-of-20th-and-21st-century-wars

Centre for Digital Scholarship Journals. (n.d.). View of the Second Intifada: Background and causes of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Journal of Conflict Studies. Retrieved February 24, 2022, from https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/220/378

“View of The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Journal of Conflict Studies.” n.d. Centre for Digital Scholarship Journals. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/220/378 . Retrieved on 24 Feb 2022

“War Crime. ”n.d. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/war-crime. Retrieved on 21 Feb 2022

Young, Grace. n.d. “Hamas Creation .” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas. Retrieved on 25 Feb 2022

Usmani, T. (n.d.). Surah Muhammad - 1-38. Quran.com. Retrieved from https://quran.com/47?startingVerse=4

The Nation. (2015, September 28). September 28, 2000: Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, sparking the Second Intifada. Retrieved from https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/september-28-2000-ariel-sharon-visits-the-temple-mount-sparking-the-second-intifada/

Ruys, T., Ferro, L., & Verlinden, N. (2016). 1 July–31 December 2015. Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 3(1), 126-170.

Al Jazeera. (2008, February 23). Timeline: Palestine since 1915. Al Jazeera. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/2/23/timeline-palestine-since-1915

Arab News. (2011, December 22). Treatment of prisoners of war in Islam. Arab News. Retrieved from https://www.arabnews.com/node/401802

Aly, H. (2014, April 24). Islamic law and the rules of war. The New Humanitarian. Retrieved from https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/2014/04/24/islamic-law-and-rules-war

CrashCourse. (2015, January 28). Conflict in Israel and Palestine: Crash Course World History 223 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wo2TLlMhiw

Vox. (2016, January 20). The Israel-Palestine conflict: A brief, simple history [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRYZjOuUnlU

International Committee of the Red Cross. (2016, October 19). 10 things the rules of war do. Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org/en/document/10-things-rules-of-war-Geneva-Conventions

Dawoody, A. A. (2017, March 14). IHL and Islam: An overview. Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2017/03/14/ihlislamoverview/?fbclid=IwAR2YP5 8PO90KGvy3lNZgCLA2GJkHzEaJtrDP_98-Q7HwxNPQHw6XwAl6eXc

Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog. (2017, March 14). IHL and Islam: An overview. Retrieved from https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2017/03/14/ihl-islam-overview/?fbclid=IwAR2YP58PO90KGvy3lNZgCLA2GJkHzEaJtrDP_98-Q7HwxNPQHw6XwAl6eXc

Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog. (2017, March 14). IHL and Islam: An overview. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2017/03/14/ihl-islam-overview/?fbclid=IwAR2YP58PO90KGvy3lNZgCLA2GJkHzEaJtrDP_98-Q7HwxNPQHw6XwAl6eXc

TRT World. (2017, June 8). Why Jerusalem matters [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_F-hF8ztwy8

The Borgen Project. (2018, March 25). Top 12 most deadliest wars in history. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://borgenproject.org/top-12-deadliest-wars-in-history/

Beauchamp, Z. (2018, November 20). Israel-Palestine conflict: The intifadas, explained. Vox. Retrieved February 25, 2022, from https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080066/israel-palestine-intifadas-first-second

Vox Staff. (2018, November 20). Israel-Palestine: Everything you need to know. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18079996/israel-palestine-conflict-guide-explainer

Rathi, A., & Columbia University. (2019, June 9). Psychological impact of victims of war and conflict. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.apa.org/international/united-nations/un-matters/rathi-war.pdf

Taylor & Francis. (n.d.). Google Books. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en

7 News Australia. (2021, May 14). Israel Palestine explained | The cause of conflict today | 7NEWS [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUBQ6WNBRS4

Al Jazeera. (2021, May 20). Israel and Hamas agree Gaza ceasefire after 11 days of fighting. Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 3, 2022, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/20/israel-and-hamas-annouce-gaza-ceasefire

BBC News. (2021, May 21). Israel-Gaza: The ceasefire deal between Israel and Hamas. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/57200843

Finology Legal. (2021, May 21). Understand full history of Israel-Palestine: Explained [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GL-Rv2Zy8jQ

International Committee of the Red Cross. (2021, May 21). Universal jurisdiction over war crimes – Factsheet. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.icrc.org/en/document/universal-jurisdiction-over-war-crimesfactsheet#:~:text=Indeed%2C%20universal%20jurisdiction%20enables%20all,crimes%20in%20their%20national%20legislation

BBC News. (2021, June 16). Israel-Gaza violence: The conflict explained. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-44124396

IPleaders. (2021, October 8). Principles behind the formulation of international criminal law. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://blog.ipleaders.in/principles-behind-formulation-international-criminal-law/

History.com Editors. (2021, November 12). Palestine. HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/palestine

Bilefsky, D. (2021, November 17). What drove the Israel-Gaza conflict? Here’s what you need to know. The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-what-weknow.html#:~:text=In%202014%2C%20Israel%20invaded%20Gaza,1%2C462%20were%20civilians%2C%20had%20died

History.com Editors. (2021, November 18). Islam. HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://www.history.com/topics/religion/islam#:~:text=Followers+of+Islam+aim+to,Muhammad+through+the+angel+Gabriel

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Warfare. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/warfare

Al Jazeera. (2022, February 17). Australia says it will list Hamas as ‘terrorist’ group.

Al Jazeera. Retrieved February 25, 2022, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/17/australia-to-list-hamas-as-terror-group

BBC. (n.d.). War and peace in Islam. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/war.shtml?fbclid=IwAR0B-K_m85EMXdI7pdCOkSTsMZwVbTQZEFHxUAmKmm7I9yC69D4VOW5aN9w

Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Law of war. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/law-of-war

History.com Editors. (2021a, March 29). Israel-Egypt peace agreement signed. HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/israel-egyptian-peace-agreement-signed

Downloads

Published

31.12.2024

How to Cite

War Crimes in Light of Islamic Law and International Law with Special Reference to Palestine. (2024). PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF LAW, ANALYSIS AND WISDOM, 3(12), 155-168. https://pjlaw.com.pk/index.php/Journal/article/view/v3i12-155-168

Similar Articles

1-10 of 221

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.