The Sufi Ritual of Zikr: A Historical Study

Abstract

The aim of the study is twofold: to describe the origin, development and historical importance of Zikr in early period of Islam and to analyze historical emergence of the practice of Zikr to its present form as Sufi ritual with the emergence of Sufism and within different Sufi Orders. The Sufi ritual of Zikr, characterized by the repetitive remembrance of God, stands as a cornerstone of Islamic mysticism.  Islam's spiritual side is represented by Sufism. It is a Sufi quest to be near Allah. In order to become closer to Allah, Self-purification is essential and the observance of Zikr leads to purification. The Quran mentions Zikr at several places, and the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and his companions also laid great stress on the value of Zikr and practiced it. Following the rise and development of Sufism, Zikr is regarded as a Sufi practice and became a Sufi ritual. This important ritual is mentioned only in few brief accounts but no detailed study is available. Some studies focused on the philosophical, theological, psychological and physical impact of Zikr. More research is needed to trace its evolution from its early manifestations to its contemporary practices. So, the present study focuses this aspect by addressing the questions such as what is the origin and history of Sufi ritual of Zikr? What role does Zikr play within the framework of Islamic devotion and spirituality? How it was practiced by Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and his companions? What are the key practices and rituals associated with Zikr? Why Sufis gave importance to Zikr? When and how does Zikr function as a spiritual discipline within Sufi communities and became a Sufi ritual? What is its significance for different Sufi Orders and how it is practiced by different Sufi Orders?