The Role of Advanced DNA Technologies in Law Enforcement: Probabilistic Genotyping, Phenotyping, and Investigative Genetic Genealogy-With Reference to Pakistan
Keywords:
Forensic DNA, Probabilistic Genotyping, DNA Phenotyping, Investigative Genetic Genealogy, Forensic Science.Abstract
Advanced DNA technologies probabilistic genotyping, forensic DNA phenotyping, and investigative genetic genealogy are reshaping modern law enforcement. These tools enhance the reliability of evidence interpretation, provide investigative leads where no suspects exist, and reopen cold cases through family tree reconstruction. However, their rapid adoption raises legal and ethical questions about privacy, transparency, and the proportional use of genetic data. While global jurisdictions are increasingly integrating these technologies, developing countries like Pakistan remain cautious, relying primarily on conventional DNA profiling. This study evaluates the scientific, legal, and ethical dimensions of these technologies, comparing international best practices with Pakistan’s current forensic framework. It concludes that balanced integration of innovation, legal safeguards, and ethical governance is essential for ensuring justice while protecting fundamental rights.
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