Protection of Marine Environment during Armed Conflict in Indian Ocean and Its legal Perspectives
Keywords:
Maritime Laws, Humanitarian Law, Marine Environment, Indian OceanAbstract
As the world become more dependent on the oceans for trade and transportation, the protection of the marine environment during wartime is becoming more and more significant issue. A major worldwide shipping route, the Indian ocean in particular, is suspectable to the aftermath of hostilities. In order to protect the marine environment in the Indian ocean during armed conflict, this study will analyse several legal perspectives on the issue. The research takes into account states responsibilities to safeguard the marine environment during armed conflict as well as the available enforcement mechanism. The research also examines the practical obstacles to upholding these legal obligations, such as the limitations of seeing and recording environmental damage caused by war. The study emphasizes the need of encouraging cooperation among the nations in the Indian Ocean Region and implementing effective enforcement mechanisms to protect the marine environment during times of armed conflict. Highlighting the significance of fulfilling International legal obligations and the need for further investigation into the intricate difficulties linked with safeguarding the marine environment in times of warfare, is the primary focus of this study.
References
Amy Hagopian, A. D.-R. (2013). Mortality in Iraq associated with the 2003–2011 war and occupation: findings from a national cluster sample survey by the university collaborative Iraq Mortality Study. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001533
Anastasia Christodoulou, a. J. (2021.). Maritime Governance and International Maritime Organization instruments focused on sustainability in the light of United Nations’ sustainable development goals. In Sustainability in the Maritime Domain: Towards Ocean Governance and Beyond, 2(1), 415-461. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-69325-1_20
Brander, K. L. (2010). Human impacts on marine ecosystems. Retrieved from https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/18628
Chengyong Liu, X. Z. (2023). Knowledge graph for maritime pollution regulations based on deep learning methods. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2(4), 106-117. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569123002041
Cordesman, A. H. (2023). The persian gulf war. Retrieved from The Oxford comanion to American Military History: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/persian-gulf-war-0
Cordner, L. (2010). Rethinking maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 6(1), 67-85. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19480881.2010.489671
Elizabeth Mrema, C. B. (2009). Protecting the environment during armed conflict: an inventory and analysis of international law. UNEP/Earthprint. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PDXQP0zLwMAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA4&dq=Mrema,+Elizabeth,+Carl+Bruch,+and+Jordan+Diamond.+%E2%80%9CProtecting+the+environment+during+armed+conflict:+an+inventory+and+analysis+of+international+law%E2%80%9D.+UNEP/Earthprint
Gillett, M. G. (2017). Eco-struggles: Using international criminal law to protect the en ironment during and after non-international armed conflict. C. Stahn,. M. I erson, &. S. Easterda, 220-253. Retrieved from https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3447595/download
Greenwood, C. (1999). A Critique of the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1949." In The changing face of conflict and the efficacy of international humanitarian law. Brill Nijhoff, 12(4), 3-20. Retrieved from https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789004433601/B9789004433601_s007.pdf
Grolin, J. (2019). Environmental hegemony, maritime community and the problem of oil tanker pollution. In North-South Perspectives on Marine Policy Routledge, 7(13), 13-44. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429043970-2/environmental-hegemony-maritime-community-problem-oil-tanker-pollution-jesper-grolin
INSIGHTSIAS. (n.d.). Resources in the region and its importance.
Jacobsson, M. (2003). Maritime Security: an Individual or a Collective Responsibility? In Nordic Cosmopolitanism, 2(9), 391-416. Retrieved from https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/edcoll/9789004482043/B9789004482043_s022.pdf
Joshua E. Cinner, A. W. (2009). Toward institutions for community-based management of inshore marine resources in the Western Indian Ocean. Marine Policy, 33(3), 489-496. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X08001565
Junindra Duha, a. G. (2022). Blue Economy Indonesia to Increase National Income through the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in the Order to Empower the World Maritime Axis and Strengthen State Defense. JMKSP (Jurnal Manajemen, Kepemimpinan dan Supervisi Pendidikan), 7(2), 514-527. Retrieved from https://jurnal.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/index.php/JMKSP/article/view/7915
Kaszubska, K. (2017). Indian Ocean. Observer Research Foundation.
Lee, M. L. (2005). The interrelation between the law of the sea convention and customary international law. San Diego Int'l LJ 7, 12(5), 4-15. Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/sdintl7§ion=20
Literathy, P. (1993). Considerations for the assessement of environmental consequences of the 1991 Gulf War. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 349-356. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0025326X9390042I
Louis W. Botsford, J. C. (1997). The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Science, 4(5), 509-515. Retrieved from https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.277.5325.509
McKenzie, S. (2020). When is a Ship a Ship? Use by State Armed Forces of Uncrewed Maritime Vehicles and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 21(2), 373-402. Retrieved from https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/agispt.20211011054863
Michael Bothe, C. B. (2010). International law protecting the environment during armed conflict: gaps and opportunities. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(879), 569-592. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross/article/international-law-protecting-the-environment-during-armed-conflict-gaps-and-opportunities/4FFC2ABA009DB165AC2D2303130C0A11
Michael Bothe, C. B. (2010). International law protecting the environment during armed conflict: gaps and opportunities. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(879), 569-592. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross/article/international-law-protecting-the-environment-during-armed-conflict-gaps-and-opportunities/4FFC2ABA009DB165AC2D2303130C0A11
Michelle Voyer, C. S. (2018). Maritime security and the Blue Economy: intersections and interdependencies in the Indian Ocean. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 14(1), 28-48. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19480881.2018.1418155
Nguyen Minh Ngoc, D. T. (2022). "Russia-Ukraine war and risks to global supply chains. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 7(6), 633-640. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nguyen-Tien-32/publication/361701652_Russia-Ukraine_war_and_risks_to_global_supply_chains/links/62c05267894d625717c14a3e/Russia-Ukraine-war-and-risks-to-global-supply-chains.pdf
Olof Lindén, A. J. (2004). The environmental impacts of the Gulf War 1991. Retrieved from https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/7427/
Orhan, E. (2022). The effects of the Russia-Ukraine war on global trade. Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law, 8(1), 141-146. Retrieved from http://jital.org/index.php/jital/article/view/277/0
Oxman, B. H. (1983). The regime of warships under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Va. J. Int'l L. 24, 7(9), 80-93. Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/vajint24§ion=34
Pabasara Kannangara, A. C. (2018). The Importance of the Indian Ocean: Trade, Security and Norms. LKI Explainer Sri Lanka, 3(4), 12-30. Retrieved from http://lki.lk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/LKI_Explainer_The_Importance_of_the_Indian_Ocean_Trade_Security_and_Norms_Pabasara-Kannangara_Adam-Collins_and_Barana-Waidyatilake.pdf
Pocar, F. (2001). Protocol I additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Customary International Law. In Israel Yearbook on Human Right, 13(8), 145-159. Retrieved from https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/edcoll/9789004423152/BP000007.pdf
Potgieter, T. D. (2012). Maritime security in the Indian Ocean: strategic setting and features. Institute for Security Studies Papers, 2(6), 1-14. Retrieved from https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC125404
Pragyan Deb, D. J. (2022). How soaring shipping costs raise prices around the world. Retrieved from IMF Blog: https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/03/28/how-soaring-shipping-costs-raise-prices-around-the-world
Rahul Muralidharan, a. N. (2020). Violent maritime spaces: conservation and security in gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, India. Political Geography, 102-160. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629818305377
Riyadh K. Lafta, a. M.-N. (2019). War or health: a four-decade armed conflict in Iraq. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 35(3), 209-226. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13623699.2019.1670431
Roberts, A. (1996). Environmental issues in international armed conflict: The experience of the 1991 Gulf War. International Law Studies, 28-40. Retrieved from https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1530&context=ils
Ronald Mitchell, M. L. (1999). International vessel-source oil pollution." The effectiveness of international environmental regimes: causal connections and behavioral mechanisms. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA, 10(6), 33-90. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WjYXxfSsRSAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA33&dq=Mitchell,+Ronald,+Moira+L.+McConnell,+Alexei+Roginko,+and+Ann+Barrett.+%22International+vessel-source+oil+pollution.%22,+MIT+Press,+Cambridge,+Massachusetts,+USA+(1999)33-90+&ots=U
Sand, P. H. (2011). Catastrophic environmental damage and the Gulf War reparation awards: the experience of the UN Compensation Commission. In Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting, 105, 430-433. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-asil-annual-meeting/article/catastrophic-environmental-damage-and-the-gulf-war-reparation-awards-the-experience-of-the-un-compensation-commission/B6FAA45B59835B5B13BB7E6D7C805C8B
Shimshon Belkin, a. R. (2006). Oceans and health: pathogens in the marine environment. Springer. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/b102184.pdf
Snelgrove, P. V. (1997). The importance of marine sediment biodiversity in ecosystem processes. Ambio, 8(12), 578-583. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314672
Talmon, S. A. (2022). The Contribution of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to the Development of the Law of the Sea and International Law. Bonn Research Papers on Public International Law, 21-33. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4210519
Ventikos, N. P. (2002). Development of an Evaluation Model for the Importance, the Causes and the Consequences of Oil Marine Pollution: the Case of Maritime Transport in the Greek Seas and in the Gulf of Saronikos. National Technical University of Athens, Greece.
W. R. Penrose, a. E. (1974). Arsenic in the marine and aquatic environments: analysis, occurrence, and significance. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 1(4), 465-482. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10643387409381621
Walker, G. K. (1996). Oceans law, the maritime environment, and the law of naval warfare. International Law Studies, 69(1), 2-9. Retrieved from https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1531&context=ils
White, A. T. (1989). Two community-based marine reserves: lessons for coastal management. Coastal area management in Southeast Asia: policies, management strategies and case studies. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9SmklVvw3OsC&oi=fnd&pg=PA85&dq=related:twWYDpKdZfQJ:scholar.google.com/&ots=xQ4sgKGOtV&sig=c6OxvTWUxth-DJKRgC_V0OVwE7c
Wijanarko, F. P. (2022). Sea Pollution in the Coastal Area: Problems and Challenges in Law Enforcement. Law Research Review Quarterly, 8(3), 335-352. Retrieved from https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/snh/article/view/48167
LEGALOPEDIA EDUCATINIA (PVT) LTD