Factors Affecting Health Outcomes among Hepatitis Patients in Pakistan
Keywords:
Health Literacy, Health Practices, Cultural Competence, Disease Related Stigma, Health Behaviour, Health outcomes, HepatitisAbstract
This paper examined factors affecting health outcomes among hepatitis B and C Patients. The study analysed health literacy, cultural competence, disease related stigma, health practices, health behaviour, and media advocacy variables to see their effects on health outcome. This study recruited 399 hepatitis patients registered for the hepatitis treatment in three different public sector hospitals. The study revealed that three independent variables health literacy, cultural competence, and disease related stigma has direct effects on health-related outcomes among hepatitis patients. It has also been found that health practices and health behaviour has been playing role of path variable to affect the patient related health outcomes.
References
Ahmad, T., Murad, M. A., Nasir, S., Musa, T. H., Baig, M., & Hui, J. (2021). Trends in hepatitis A research indexed in the Web of Science: a bibliometric analysis over the period from 1985 to 2019. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(9), 3221-3229. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1914804
Ahmad, T., Nasir, S., Musa, T. H., AlRyalat, S. A. S., Khan, M., & Hui, J. (2021). Epidemiology, diagnosis, vaccines, and bibliometric analysis of the 100 top-cited studies on Hepatitis E virus. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(3), 857-871. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1795458
Ahmed, R., Fatima, M., Ashfaq, J., Tariq, S. F., Naseer, I., Asif, M., & Borhany, M. (2022). Frequency of Hepatitis B, C, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Blood Donors. Cureus, 14(6).
Akhlaq, A., McKinstry, B., & Sheikh, A. (2020). Stakeholders perspectives and deployment strategies of health information exchange illustrated through an in-depth case study of Pakistan. Informatics for Health and Social Care, 45(2), 130-150. doi:10.1080/17538157.2019.1582053
Alaama, A. S., Khattabi, H., Mugisa, B., Atta, H., Hermez, J., & Hutin, Y. J. (2022). Progress towards elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030 in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2019. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology.
Ali, S. A. M., & Rais, R. B. (2021). Pakistan’s Health-Care System: A Case of Elite Capture. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 44(6), 1206-1228. doi:10.1080/00856401.2021.1980840
Asghar, M., Haq, M., & Saleem, N. (2022). Molecular Identification And Prevalence Rate Of Hepatitis C Virus Among Hemodialysis Patients In Peshawar Kp Pakistan. NVEO-NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal| NVEO, 1168-1175.
Ashraf, S., & Ahmad, A. (2015). Viral hepatitis in Pakistan: challenges and priorities. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(3), 190-191.
Asim, N., Bux, K., Malik, A. A., Nisa, Z. U., & Mallah, M. A. (2022). Current Status of Knowledge and Preventive Practices among Hepatitis C patients in Twin Cities of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(03), 850-850.
Assir, M. Z. K., Ahmad, H. I., Masood, M. A., Kamran, U., & Yusuf, N. W. (2014). Deaths due to dengue fever at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 46(4), 303-309. doi:10.3109/00365548.2013.877155
Badur, S., Öztürk, S., AbdelGhany, M., Khalaf, M., Lagoubi, Y., Ozudogru, O., . . . Saha, D. (2022). Hepatitis A in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a comprehensive review. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 2073146. doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2073146
Balaeva, T., Grjibovski, A. M., Samodova, O., Sannikov, A., & Klouman, E. (2019). Seroprevalence of markers of hepatitis C virus exposure and associated factors in adults aged 18-39 years in the Arctic Russian city of Arkhangelsk: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 78(1), 1648970. doi:10.1080/22423982.2019.1648970
Barth, C., Neusser, S., Biermann, J., Wasem, J., Berg, T., Wiegand, J., . . . Neumann, A. (2018). Budget impact analysis on the introduction of a guideline based hepatitis B and C screening into a routine check-up in the German primary care setting. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 53(1), 76-82. doi:10.1080/00365521.2017.1390599
Benítez-Gutiérrez, L., Barreiro, P., Labarga, P., de Mendoza, C., Fernandez-Montero, J. V., Arias, A., . . . Soriano, V. (2016). Prevention and management of treatment failure to new oral hepatitis C drugs. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 17(9), 1215-1223. doi:10.1080/14656566.2016.1182156
Bilal, M., Shaheen, G., Khan, A., Khan, T. M., Nazir, M., Ahmad, M. T., . . . Ahmed, Z. (2022). Frequency of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients at Peshawar Institute of Medical Sciences, Peshawar. Journal of Saidu Medical College, Swat, 12(2), 86-89.
Brinck-Jensen, N.-S., Erichsen, P., Tarp, B., Lindberg, J., Kristensen, L. H., Erlandsen, M., . . . Leutscher, P. D. C. (2015). Clinical findings in a multi-ethnic adult hepatitis B virus patient population in Denmark with emphasis on genotypic characteristics. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 50(8), 1032-1038. doi:10.3109/00365521.2014.974202
Fatima, R., Yaqoob, A., Qadeer, E., Hinderaker, S. G., Heldal, E., Zachariah, R., . . . Kumar, A. M. V. (2019). Building sustainable operational research capacity in Pakistan: starting with tuberculosis and expanding to other public health problems. Global Health Action, 12(1), 1555215. doi:10.1080/16549716.2018.1555215
Gul, N., Khan, S. U., Ali, I., & Khan, F. U. (2022). Transmission dynamic of stochastic hepatitis C model by spectral collocation method. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 25(5), 578-592. doi:10.1080/10255842.2021.1970143
Gunsar, F. (2013). Treatment of delta hepatitis. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 11(5), 489-498. doi:10.1586/eri.13.35
Hakim, S. T., Kazmi, S. U., & Bagasra, O. (2008). Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Genotypes Among Young Apparently Healthy Females of Karachi-Pakistan. Libyan Journal of Medicine, 3(2), 66-70. doi:10.3402/ljm.v3i2.4760
Himmelsbach, K., Bender, D., & Hildt, E. (2018). Life cycle and morphogenesis of the hepatitis E virus. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 7(1), 1-12. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0198-7
Ikram, A., Hakim, M. S., Zhou, J.-h., Wang, W., Peppelenbosch, M. P., & Pan, Q. (2018). Genotype-specific acquisition, evolution and adaptation of characteristic mutations in hepatitis E virus. Virulence, 9(1), 121-132. doi:10.1080/21505594.2017.1358349
Imran, M., Hassan, M., Dur-E-Ahmad, M., & Khan, A. (2013). A comparison of a deterministic and stochastic model for Hepatitis C with an isolation stage. Journal of Biological Dynamics, 7(1), 276-301. doi:10.1080/17513758.2013.859856
Irshad, H., Aziza, F., & Rahman, A. (2022). Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Infection in Tehsil Fort Abbas, Pakistan. International Journal of Infection, 9(2).
Irum, S., Parveen, S., Raza, M. H., & Haroon, M. (2022). Trend Analysis of Hepatic Infection in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(03), 375-375.
Jadoon, A., Khan, M. A., Safdar, M., Marwat, Z. I., Gohier, A., Farooq, M. U., & Marwat, S. I. (2022). Risk Assessment of Hepatitis B Patients of Northern Areas of Pakistan: A case control study. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(06), 84-84.
Jamali, S. (2022). Molecular Prevalence of Triple Infection Hepatitis B, C and D Viruses in Sindh Pakistan. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 26(01), 75-80.
Kar, P., & Sengupta, A. (2019). A guide to the management of hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 13(3), 205-211. doi:10.1080/17474124.2019.1568869
Khan, A., Nawaz, M., Ullah, S., Rehman, I. U., Khan, A., Saleem, S., . . . Wei, D.-Q. (2022). Core amino acid substitutions in HCV-3a isolates from Pakistan and opportunities for multi-epitopic vaccines. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 40(8), 3753-3768. doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1850353
Khan, A. R., Waqar, S., Rafiq, Z., Ullah, R., Wazir, M. H., & Gul, A. M. (2022). Frequency of Acute Viral Hepatitis A, B, C, and E in Pregnant Women Presenting to Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan. Cureus, 14(4).
Khan, M. A. (2022). Comparative prevalence of different types of viral hepatitis in the district Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Egyptian Liver Journal, 12(1), 1-7.
Khan, N., & Cailhol, J. (2020). Are migration routes disease transmission routes? Understanding Hepatitis and HIV transmission amongst undocumented Pakistani migrants and asylum seekers in a Parisian suburb. Anthropology & Medicine, 27(4), 395-411. doi:10.1080/13648470.2019.1695170
Khan, R. U., Beeching, N. J., Tong, C. W., Baker, B., Malik, I. A., Siddiqi, S., . . . Hart, C. A. (1995). Sporadic hepatitis E in Pakistan. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 89(1), 95-97. doi:10.1080/00034983.1995.11812937
Khan, S. A., Khan, Z., Alam, Z., Sana, H., Ali, M., Zaman, N., . . . Suleman, M. (2022). Hepatitis E virus sero-prevalence among pregnant women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Clinical Immunology Communications, 2, 79-82.
Kmush, B. L., Nelson, K. E., & Labrique, A. B. (2015). Risk factors for hepatitis E virus infection and disease. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 13(1), 41-53. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.981158
Komatsu, H., & Inui, A. (2015). Hepatitis B virus infection in children. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 13(4), 427-450. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.1019867
Latif, A., Sabir, S., Iram, S., Gul, P., & Yousafzai, A. (2022). Hematological And Clinical Analysis of Hepatitis B Patients from Quetta, Pakistan. Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences, 5(2), 275-282.
Liu, Q., Liu, M., & Liu, J. (2022). Burden and Trends of Acute Viral Hepatitis in Asia from 1990 to 2019. Viruses, 14(6), 1180.
Memon, F. A., Bashir, F., Raja, K., Kamran, M., Rahman, F., & Habib, M. S. (2022). Prevalence of Viral Hepatitis and its Variable Outcome Among Diabetic Patients. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(04), 1201-1201.
Mian, A., & Siddique, Z. (1997). Prevalence of Certain Common Diseases in Relation to Some Socio-Biological Risk Factors: A Preliminary Hospital Based Study in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Human Ecology, 8(6), 409-418. doi:10.1080/09709274.1997.11907310
Michaelis, K., Wenzel, J. J., Stark, K., & Faber, M. (2017). Hepatitis A virus infections and outbreaks in asylum seekers arriving to Germany, September 2015 to March 2016. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 6(1), 1-8. doi:10.1038/emi.2017.11
Midgard, H., Bang, C., Raknerud, N., & Dalgard, O. (2010). Liver fibrosis in hepatitis C patients of Pakistani versus Scandinavian origin. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 45(12), 1503-1508. doi:10.3109/00365521.2010.510571
Moriyama, M., & Arakawa, Y. (2006). Treatment of interferon-α for chronic hepatitis C. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 7(9), 1163-1179. doi:10.1517/14656566.7.9.1163
Muhammad, S., Ikram, M., Khan, A. Z., Ahmed, I., Rehman, Z. U., & Ghulam, S. (2022). The Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Combining Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir in Viral Hepatitis C Hemodialysis in Pakistani Population. American Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing Practice, 7(8), 40-48.
Muhammad, S. M., Muhammad, A., & Ullah, Z. (2022). Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Infections in District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Punjab University Journal of Zoology, 37(1), 01-06.
Neuman, M. G., Monteiro, M., & Rehm, J. (2006). Drug Interactions Between Psychoactive Substances and Antiretroviral Therapy in Individuals Infected With Human Immunodeficiency and Hepatitis Viruses. Substance Use & Misuse, 41(10-12), 1395-1463. doi:10.1080/10826080600846235
Nosheen, M., & Khan, S. (2022). The Economic Burden of Viral hepatitis C infection at various stages of the disease in District Mardan, Pakistan: Economic Burden of Viral hepatitis C Infection. Pakistan BioMedical Journal, 226-230.
Numan, M., Jabbar, M., Zafar, A., Javed, H., Younas, S., Abosalif, K. O. A., . . . Qamar, M. U. (2022). Prevalence, Genotypic Distribution and the Associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis C Infection in Pakistan Pediatric Patients. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 16(1), 130-138.
Nwaohiri, A., Schillie, S., Bulterys, M., & Kourtis, A. P. (2018). Hepatitis C virus infection in children: How do we prevent it and how do we treat it? Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 16(9), 689-694. doi:10.1080/14787210.2018.1509707
Olusola, B. A., Gometi, E. A., Ogunsemowo, O., Olaleye, D. O., & Odaibo, G. N. (2017). High rate of Hepatitis B virus infection among hairdressers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 38(3), 322-332. doi:10.1080/15321819.2016.1260585
Ozaras, R., & Tahan, V. (2009). Acute hepatitis C: prevention and treatment. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 7(3), 351-361. doi:10.1586/eri.09.8
Purcell, R. H., Engle, R. E., Govindarajan, S., Herbert, R., St Claire, M., Elkins, W. R., . . . Emerson, S. U. (2013). Pathobiology of hepatitis E: lessons learned from primate models. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 2(1), 1-6. doi:10.1038/emi.2013.9
Qureshi, H., Bile, K., Jooma, R., Alam, S., & Afrid, H. (2010). Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infections in Pakistan: findings of a national survey appealing for effective prevention and control measures. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 16 (Supp.), 15-23, 2010.
Raza, A., Mazhar, M. W., Saif, S., Noor, S., Sikandar, M., Shahzadi, I., . . . Mazhar, F. (2022). Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among persons with hepatitis D virus and diabetes mellitus in Pakistan, 2019-2021. Archives of Hepatitis Research, 8(1), 001-004.
Raza, M., Hussain, F., Lee, J.-Y., Shakoor, M. B., & Kwon, K. D. (2017). Groundwater status in Pakistan: A review of contamination, health risks, and potential needs. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 47(18), 1713-1762. doi:10.1080/10643389.2017.1400852
Rodríguez-Torres, M. (2013). Sofosbuvir (GS-7977), a pan-genotype, direct-acting antiviral for hepatitis C virus infection. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 11(12), 1269-1279. doi:10.1586/14787210.2013.855126
Rubino, C., Trapani, S., & Indolfi, G. (2021). Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for the treatment of hepatitis C in pediatric patients. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 15(10), 1097-1105. doi:10.1080/17474124.2021.1963231
Sahibzada, K. I., Ganova-Raeva, L., Dimitrova, Z., Ramachandran, S., Lin, Y., Longmire, G., . . . Khan, I. (2022). Hepatitis C virus transmission cluster among injection drug users in Pakistan. PloS one, 17(7), e0270910.
Salman, M., Ul Mustafa, Z., & Asif, N. (2019). Hepatitis E outbreak in the province of Punjab, Pakistan: a call for action. Infectious Diseases, 51(8), 633-634. doi:10.1080/23744235.2019.1632473
Saqib, S. E., & Ahmad, M. M. (2019). Socio-economic determinants of the family history of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Pakistan. Development in Practice, 29(1), 103-114. doi:10.1080/09614524.2018.1516737
Schemmerer, M., Wenzel, J. J., Stark, K., & Faber, M. (2022). Molecular epidemiology and genotype-specific disease severity of hepatitis E virus infections in Germany, 2010–2019. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 11(1), 1754-1763. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2091479
Shaheen, A., Najmi, M. H., Saeed, W., & Farooqi, Z.-U.-R. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of standard dose regimens of rifampicin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 44(6), 459-464. doi:10.3109/00365548.2011.647832
Shahid, I., Almalki, W. H., Hafeez, M. H., & Hassan, S. (2016). Hepatitis C virus infection treatment: An era of game changer direct acting antivirals and novel treatment strategies. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 42(4), 535-547. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2014.970123
Shahid, I., AlMalki, W. H., Hassan, S., & Hafeez, M. H. (2018). Real-world challenges for hepatitis C virus medications: a critical overview. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 44(2), 143-160. doi:10.1080/1040841X.2017.1329277
Shilton, S., Ali, D., Hasnain, A., Abid, A., Markby, J., Jamil, M. S., . . . Reipold, E. I. (2022). Protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of secondary distribution of hepatitis C self-testing within the context of a house-to-house hepatitis C micro-elimination programme in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC public health, 22(1), 1-11.
Soriano, V., Labarga, P., Barreiro, P., Fernandez-Montero, J. V., de Mendoza, C., Esposito, I., . . . Peña, J. M. (2015). Drug interactions with new hepatitis C oral drugs. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 11(3), 333-341. doi:10.1517/17425255.2015.998997
Soriano, V., Labarga, P., de Mendoza, C., Fernández-Montero, J. V., Esposito, I., Benítez-Gutiérrez, L., . . . Barreiro, P. (2016). New hepatitis C therapies for special patient populations. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 17(2), 217-229. doi:10.1517/14656566.2016.1112790
Stasi, C., Silvestri, C., Berni, R., Rossana Brunetto, M., Zignego, A. L., Orsini, C., . . . Cipriani, F. (2019). Epidemiological, demographic and clinical data on chronic viral hepatitis C in Tuscany. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 35(4), 661-666. doi:10.1080/03007995.2018.1482264
Suwantika, A. A., Beutels, P., & Postma, M. J. (2014). Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination in Indonesia. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 10(8), 2342-2349. doi:10.4161/hv.29353
Taaffe, J., & Wilson, D. (2018). Mobilising a global response to hepatitis: Lessons learned from the HIV movement. Global Public Health, 13(4), 473-488. doi:10.1080/17441692.2016.1233989
Tariq, M., Shoukat, A. B., Akbar, S., Hameed, S., Naqvi, M. Z., Azher, A., . . . Javed, A. (2022). Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection. SAGE Open Medicine, 10, 20503121221105957.
Todd, C. S., Ahmadzai, M., Atiqzai, F., Smith, J. M., Miller, S., Azfar, P., . . . Strathdee, S. A. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis knowledge among intrapartum patients and health care providers in Kabul, Afghanistan. AIDS Care, 21(1), 109-117. doi:10.1080/09540120802068779
Ullah, S., Ali, S., Daud, M., Paudyal, V., Hayat, K., Hamid, S. M., & Ur-Rehman, T. (2022). Illness perception about hepatitis C virus infection: a cross-sectional study from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. BMC infectious diseases, 22(1), 1-9.
Usman, A., Seerat, I., Rizvi, S. B., Sheraz, S., & Yousaf, H. A. (2022). Outcome of Treatment in Children With Chronic Viral Hepatitis C: A Single Centre Study. Cureus, 14(1).
Wang, X., Li, M., Li, S., Wu, T., Zhang, J., Xia, N., & Zhao, Q. (2016). Prophylaxis against hepatitis E: at risk populations and human vaccines. Expert Review of Vaccines, 15(7), 815-827. doi:10.1586/14760584.2016.1143365
Xie, Y., Yao, Q., Butt, A. M., Guo, J., Tian, Z., Bao, X., . . . Lu, J. (2014). Expression profiling of serum microRNA-101 in HBV-associated chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 15(9), 1248-1255. doi:10.4161/cbt.29688
Zhu, B., Wang, C., Zhang, X., He, J., Wu, J., Yu, R., & Zhao, W. (2015). Relationships between interleukin-12B and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis C in Chinese Han hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure, 37(3), 505-510. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2015.1006086
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Aminullah, Dr. Akhlaq Ahmad, Dr Zaheer Abbas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
LEGALOPEDIA EDUCATINIA (PVT) LTD