Jurisprudential Status of Digital Evidence in Pakistan while Courts’ Interpretation of Article 164, Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984
Keywords:
Digital evidence, Electronic Evidence; Article 164, Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984, ETO 2002, PECA 2016, Pakistan, Admissibility; Probative Value.Abstract
This study investigates the jurisprudential status and evidentiary value of digital evidence within Pakistan’s legal framework, focusing on judicial interpretation of Article 164 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984. The research explores how courts have responded to the challenges posed by electronic and digital evidence in both criminal and civil proceedings. Using a qualitative doctrinal approach, it examines relevant legislation, including the Electronic Transactions Ordinance 2002 and the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, alongside significant judicial precedents. The study finds that while Pakistani courts have gradually recognized the admissibility of electronic evidence under Article 164, they remain cautious in granting it the same probative value as traditional forms of evidence. Issues such as authentication, chain of custody, and forensic verification continue to influence judicial attitudes. The paper concludes that although legislative recognition has evolved, procedural shortcomings and limited technical expertise hinder the consistent application of digital evidence as primary proof. It recommends judicial training, forensic capacity-building, and clearer evidentiary standards to ensure effective integration of digital evidence in Pakistan’s legal system. This article examines how Pakistani courts have treated digital/electronic evidence under Article 164 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order QSO, 1984. It traces statutory and regulatory developments including ETO 2002 and PECA 2016, analyses leading judicial decisions to determine whether digital evidence is now treated as primary or secondary evidence and assesses jurisprudential trends and evidentiary standards applied by trial and superior courts. The article concludes with doctrinal observations and pragmatic recommendations to strengthen the probative value and procedural handling of digital evidence in Pakistan.
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