Social Distancing, Social Isolation, and Fake News during COVID-19 Pandemics: A Case of Family Life in Pakistan
Keywords:
COVID-19 Outbreak, Social Distancing, Social Isolation, Social Life, FamilyAbstract
This paper designed to examine family life during COVID-19 outbreak current situations align with social work and sociology discipline. The family life disturbed due to uncertain conditions prevailed over a long period during the pandemic outbreak. For the present research, a quantitative (n=1786) study design was opted to conduct an online survey. A well-structured questionnaire was administered and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique was employed to measure the effects of the proposed model. The study findings showed that COVID-19 pandemic had disturbed the routines life of people, restricted and working from home. Likewise, people lost employment and businesses. Further, social distancing and social isolation also impacted the lives of people generally and family life particularly. Finally, the study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has badly impacted the family lives of the people during the pandemic in Pakistan. The study recommended that sociologists should work and support families to manage family life disturbance in future.
References
Abdullah, F., & Shoaib, M. (2021). Psychosocial impacts of COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of Mirpur, Pakistan. International Review of Sociology, 31(3), 1-17.
Adams, J. G., & Walls, R. M. (2020). Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic. Jama, 323(15), 1439-1440.
Addo, P. C., Jiaming, F., Kulbo, N. B., & Liangqiang, L. (2020). COVID-19: fear appeal favoring purchase behavior towards personal protective equipment. The Service Industries Journal, 40(7-8), 471-490. doi:10.1080/02642069.2020.1751823
Ahmad, J., Ahmad, A., Shoaib, M., & Shaukat, B. (2021). Public Library Online Information Resources to Library Patrons during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case of Higher Education Institutions. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-14.
Ahmad, J., Shoaib, M., & Shaukat, B. (2021). Academic Library Resources and Services at Higher Education Institutions during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case of Students’ Satisfaction. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-17.
Alexander, J. C. (1988). Action and its environments: toward a new synthesis. Los Angeles: Columbia University Press.
Ali, N., Shoaib, M., & Abdullah, F. (2021). Trends of Research Visualization of Digital Collections and Resources in Academic Libraries from 2001 to 2020: A Bibliometric Analysis. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-25.
Ali, N., Shoaib, M., & Abdullah, F. (2022). Information literacy and research support services in academic libraries: A bibliometric analysis from 2001 to 2020. Journal of Information Science, 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515211068169
Ali, N., Shoaib, M., & Syed, K. (2021). Steady ship: Digital, online, and e-libraries (1971–2020). Journal of Information Science, 1-15.
Amin, S. (2020). The psychology of coronavirus fear: Are healthcare professionals suffering from corona-phobia? International Journal of Healthcare Management, 13(3), 249-256. doi:10.1080/20479700.2020.1765119
Anwar, B., Shoaib, M., & Javed, S. (2013). Women’s autonomy and their role in decision making at household level: a case of rural Sialkot, Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23(1), 129-136.
Anwar, B., Shoaib, M., & Mustafa, R.-e.-. (2022). Factors Influencing Students’ Willingness to Use Academic Library after COVID-19 Lockdown. International Information & Library Review, 35(2), 136-142.
Arthur-Holmes, F., & Agyemang-Duah, W. (2020). Reaching older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic through social networks and Social Security Schemes in Ghana: Lessons for considerations. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 1-3. doi:10.1080/01634372.2020.1764689
Asim, M., Sathian, B., Van Teijlingen, E., Mekkodathil, A., Subramanya, S. H., & Simkhada, P. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Public health implications in Nepal. Nepal Journal of Epidemiology, 10(1), 817.
Assessor, R. (2020). Risk assessment. Risk, 17, 08.
Banerjee, D., & Rai, M. (2020). Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness. In: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
Begović, M. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on society and sport a national response. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-6. doi:10.1080/23750472.2020.1779115
Brennen, J. S., Simon, F. M., Howard, P. N., & Nielsen, R.-K. (2020). Types, sources, and claims of Covid-19 misinformation. Reuters Institute, 1-13.
Breznau, N. (2020). The welfare state and risk perceptions: the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic and public concern in 70 countries. European Societies, 1-14. doi:10.1080/14616696.2020.1793215
Chung, C. K. L., Xu, J., & Zhang, M. (2020). Geographies of Covid-19: how space and virus shape each other. Asian Geographer, 37(2), 99-116. doi:10.1080/10225706.2020.1767423
Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., . . . Scala, A. (2020). The covid-19 social media infodemic. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-10.
Ćosić, K., Popović, S., Šarlija, M., & Kesedžić, I. (2020). Impact of human disasters and Covid-19 pandemic on mental health: Potential of digital psychiatry. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(1), 25-31.
Davies, K. (2020). Festivals Post Covid-19. Leisure Sciences, 1-6. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000
Desouky, E. (2020). Urological surgery in the COVID-19 era: Patient counselling and informed consent. Arab Journal of Urology, 18(2), 62-64. doi:10.1080/2090598X.2020.1772032
Erickson, T. B., Chai, P. R., & Boyer, E. W. (2020). Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19. Toxicology Communications, 4(1), 40-42. doi:10.1080/24734306.2020.1757967
Fox, K. M., & McDermott, L. (2020). Where Is Leisure When Death Is Present? Leisure Sciences, 1-6. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774012
Freedman, L. (2020). Strategy for a Pandemic: The UK and COVID-19. Survival, 62(3), 25-76. doi:10.1080/00396338.2020.1763610
Gabriel, M. G., Brown, A., León, M., & Outley, C. (2020). Power and Social Control of Youth during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Leisure Sciences, 1-7. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774008
Gaskin, J., & Lim, J. (2018). Indirect effects. AMOS plugin”, Gaskination’s StatWiki, available at: http://statwiki. kolobkreations. com/index. php.
Ghosh, R., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S., & Dubey, S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on children: Special focus on psychosocial aspect. Education, 72(0), 1-10.
Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 6(1), 61-74.
Goggin, G., & Ellis, K. (2020). Disability, communication, and life itself in the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Sociology Review, 29(2), 168-176. doi:10.1080/14461242.2020.1784020
Gopalan, H. S., & Misra, A. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Challenges for Socio-economic Issues, Healthcare and National Programs in India. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5), 757-759.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Gunnell, D., Appleby, L., Arensman, E., Hawton, K., John, A., Kapur, N., . . . Caine, E. D. (2020). Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 468-471.
Hartley, K., & Jarvis, D. S. L. (2020). Policymaking in a low-trust state: legitimacy, state capacity, and responses to COVID-19 in Hong Kong. Policy and Society, 1-21. doi:10.1080/14494035.2020.1783791
Hassan, S., Qureshi, H. A., & Gul, M. (2020). COVID-19 Second Phase Lockdown Option and Public Opinion: A case study in Pakistan. International Journal of Medical Science in Clinical Research and Review, 3(03), : 316-324.
Hurford, J. E. (2020). The BMA COVID-19 ethical guidance: a legal analysis. The New Bioethics, 26(2), 176-189. doi:10.1080/20502877.2020.1762027
Jianhua, G. (2020). China’s Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Battle: Responses, Results, and Reflections. BRIQ, 1(2), 89-1010.
Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393-401. doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481
Li, C., Chen, L. J., Chen, X., Zhang, M., Pang, C. P., & Chen, H. (2020). Retrospective analysis of the possibility of predicting the COVID-19 outbreak from Internet searches and social media data, China, 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(10), 1-5.
Li, W., Yang, Y., Liu, Z.-H., Zhao, Y.-J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., . . . Xiang, Y.-T. (2020). Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International journal of biological sciences, 16(10), 1732–1738.
Mariam, S., Anwar, B., Shoaib, M., & Rasool, S. (2021). Literacy and Numeracy Drive: An Evaluation of Class Three English Textbook of Punjab. Journal of Critical Reviews, 8(2), 938-946.
McCauley, M., Minsky, S., & Viswanath, K. (2013). The H1N1 pandemic: media frames, stigmatization and coping. BMC public health, 13(1), 1-16.
Miller, E. A. (2020). Protecting and Improving the Lives of Older Adults in the COVID-19 Era. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4-5), 297-309. doi:10.1080/08959420.2020.1780104
Mostafanezhad, M. (2020). Covid-19 is an unnatural disaster: Hope in revelatory moments of crisis. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 639-645. doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.1763446
Mucci, F., Mucci, N., & Diolaiuti, F. (2020). Lockdown and isolation: Psychological aspects of COVID-19 pandemic in the general population. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 17(2), 63-64.
Mukhtar, S. (2020). Pakistanis’ mental health during the COVID-19. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51(2020), 1-2.
Naseer, A., Shoaib, M., Ali, N., & Ahmad, I. (2021). Research Visualization of Different Treatment Modalities to Treat COVID-19 Infection: Bibliometric Analysis of PubMed Database. Library Philosophy and Practice, 5891, 1-17.
Naseer, A., Shoaib, M., Ali, N., & Bilal, M. (2021). Trend of Research Visualization of COVID-19 Complications in PubMed Database Using Scientometric Analysis from 2020 to March 20, 2021. Library Philosophy and Practice, 5731, 1-17.
Noreen, N., Dil, S., Niazi, S., Naveed, I., Khan, N., Khan, F., . . . Kumar, D. (2020). COVID 19 Pandemic & Pakistan; Limitations and Gaps. Global Biosecurity, 1(4), 1-11.
Scambler, G. (2009). Health‐related stigma. Sociology of health & illness, 31(3), 441-455.
Sharfuddin, S. (2020). The world after Covid-19. The Round Table, 109(3), 247-257. doi:10.1080/00358533.2020.1760498
Shoaib, M. (2021). Sociological Analysis of Teachers Perspectives on Students Academic Performance in Higher Education in the Punjab. (PhD Thesis). International Islamic University Islamabad, Central Library.
Shoaib, M. (2023a, September 22). Galvanising Bourdieu’s typology with Pakistani education and social class. The Nation, p. 4.
Shoaib, M. (2023b, December 05). Gender Differences in Academic Performance. The Nation.
Shoaib, M. (2024, January 09). Gender Disparity in Education. The Nation.
Shoaib, M., & Abdullah, F. (2020). Risk Reduction of COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan. Social Work in Public Health, 35(7), 557-568. doi:10.1080/19371918.2020.1806172
Shoaib, M., & Abdullah, F. (2021). COVID-19 backlash: psycho-social impacts of outbreak in Pakistan. Health Education, 121(3), 265-274.
Shoaib, M., Abdullah, F., & Ali, N. (2020). Library Resources and Research Environment in Higher Education Institutions: Students’ Satisfaction. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-18.
Shoaib, M., Abdullah, F., & Ali, N. (2021). A Research Visualization of Academic Learning Skills among Students in Higher Education Institutions: A Bibliometric Evidence from 1981 to 2020. Library Philosophy and Practice, 5579, 1-34.
Shoaib, M., Ahmad, A., Ali, N., & Abdullah, F. (2021). Trend of Research Visualization of Learning, Classroom, and Class Participation in Higher Education Institutions: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2001 to 2020. Library Philosophy and Practice, 5743, 1-26.
Shoaib, M., Ali, N., Anwar, B., & Abdullah, F. (2022). Library services and facilities in higher education institutions during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Pakistan. Journal of Information Science, 1-14.
Shoaib, M., Ali, N., Anwar, B., Rasool, S., Mustafa, R.-e., & Zici, S. (2021). Research Visualization on Teaching, Language, Learning of English and Higher Education Institutions from 2011 to 2020: A Bibliometric Evidences Library Philosophy and Practice, 5677, 1-27.
Shoaib, M., Ali, N., & Naseer, A. (2021). Plotting the Literature on Precautionary Measures of COVID-19: A Scientometric Analysis of Web of Science. Library Philosophy and Practice, 5899, 1-20.
Shoaib, M., Ali, R., & Akbar, A. (2021). Library Services and Facilities in Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan: Satisfaction of Patrons. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-19.
Shoaib, M., Bilal, M. Z., Iqbal, A., Hassan, S. A., & Sher, F. (2012). Mass media and consumer purchasing behaviour: A case study of Lahore, Pakistan. Academic Research International, 2(2), 641.
Shoaib, M., Fatima, U., & Jamil, R. (2021). Academic Library and Students' Learning at University Level: Nothing is Pleasanter than Exploring a Library. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-19.
Shoaib, M., Iqbal, S., & Tahira, G. (2021). Digitalization of Academic Libraries in Higher Education Institutions during COVID-19 Pandemic. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-15.
Shoaib, M., Khan, S., & Abid, S. (2011). Motivational Factors and Satisfaction Levels of Infertile Couples towards Spiritual Healing in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 10(2), 233-238.
Shoaib, M., Khan, S., & Ashraf, A. (2011). Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Reproductive Health of Working Women: A Case Study of University of Gujrat. Academic Research International, 1(2), 292.
Shoaib, M., Khan, S., & Khan, M. H. (2011). Family support and health status of elderly people: A case study of district gujrat, Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 10(4), 519-525.
Shoaib, M., Latif, B., & Usmani, F. (2013). Economic contribution changes the decision-making of working women; A case of Bhimben District-AJK. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 16(5), 602-606.
Shoaib, M., Munir, A., Masood, M., Ali, Q., & Sher, F. (2012). Education as a Source of Child Health Care Practices: A Case of Mothers in Tehsil Kharian, Gujrat-Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(5), 754-761.
Shoaib, M., Mustafa, R.-E.-., & Hussain, K. G. (2022). Revisiting Classroom Environment and Academic Performance of the Students in Higher Education Institutions. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 4(3), 969-986.
Shoaib, M., Mustafa, R.-E.-., & Hussain, K. G. (2023). Citing the Empirical Shreds of Electronic Evidence on Pedagogical Skills Employing Bibliometric Analysis from 2001- 2020. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 5(2), 1050-1062.
Shoaib, M., Rasool, S., Anwar, B., & Ali, R. (2023). Academic library resources and research support services to English teachers in higher education institutions. Journal of Electronic Resources Librarianship, 35(1), 17-27.
Shoaib, M., Saeed, Y., & Cheema, S. N. (2012). Education and Women's Empowerment at Household Level: A Case Study of Women in Rural Chiniot, Pakistan. Academic Research International, 2(1), 519-526.
Shoaib, M., & Shah, M. R. (2012). Perceptions towards terrorist activities in Pakistan: A case study of Maddrassa background students. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(9), 1284-1288.
Shoaib, M., Shaukat, B., Khan, M. N. A., & Saeed, M. (2013). Family Environment and the Concept of Tolerance among Family Members: A Case of Faisalabad-Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23(1), 123-128.
Shoaib, M., Tariq, M., Shahzadi, S., & Ali, M. (2022). Role of Academic Libraries in Online Academic Activities during COVID-19 Outbreak at Tertiary Level: A Library is a Thought in Cold Storage. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-19.
Shoaib, M., & Ullah, H. (2019). Female and Male Students’ Educational Performance in Tertiary Education in the Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Issues, X(1), 83-100.
Shoaib, M., & Ullah, H. (2021a). Classroom Environment, Teacher, and Girl Students’ Learning Skills. Education and Urban Society, 1-25. doi:10.1177/00131245211001908
Shoaib, M., & Ullah, H. (2021b). Teachers' perspectives on factors of female students' outperformance and male students' underperformance in higher education. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(3), 684-699. doi:10.1108/IJEM-05-2020-0261
Shoaib, M., Usmani, F., & Abdullah, F. (2023). Plotting The Literature On Social Work Education From 1971-2020: A Scientometric Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 5(2), 1347-1360.
Shoaib, M., Usmani, F., & Ali, N. (2022). Citing the Empirical Shreds on Social Welfare and Methods of Social Work Employing Bibliometric Analysis From 1971 to 2020. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 4(3), 1113-1133.
Swerdlow, D. L., Finelli, L., & Lipsitch, M. (2020). Epidemiology of Covid-19. Reply. The New England journal of medicine, 382.
Ullah, H., & Shoaib, M. (2021). Trend of Research Visualization of Sociology of Education from 2001 to 2020: A Bibliometric Analysis. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-24.
Wang, T., & Lund, B. (2020). Announcement Information Provided by United States’ Public Libraries during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Public Library Quarterly, 39(4), 283-294. doi:10.1080/01616846.2020.1764325
Waris, A., Khan, A. U., Ali, M., Ali, A., & Baset, A. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: current scenario of Pakistan. New Microbes and New Infections, 35, 1-6.
WHO. (2020a). World Health Organization Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 72. Retrieved from Geneva, Switzerland:
WHO. (2020b). World Health Organization Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 88. Retrieved from Geneva, Switzerland:
WHO. (2020c). World Health Organization Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Situation Report – 207. Retrieved from Geneva, Switzerland:
WHO. (2020d). World Health Organization Situation report - 151-Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved from Geneva, Switzerland:
Zhao, Y., An, Y., Tan, X., & Li, X. (2020). Mental Health and Its Influencing Factors among Self-Isolating Ordinary Citizens during the Beginning Epidemic of COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-14. doi:10.1080/15325024.2020.1761592
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Shoaib, Farooq Abdullah, Syed Ali Abid Naqvi, Allah Ditta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
LEGALOPEDIA EDUCATINIA (PVT) LTD